Navigating a simple maze

Arduino → Arduino Tutorials and Guided Projects → Parallax BoeBot + Arduino Shield, Mobile Robotics Platform → Navigating a simple maze

Parallax BoeBot + Arduino navigating a simple maze

Objective

Now that we have a grasp of how to make the robot move, we can use that understanding to complete a task. For this section we are going to make the robot navigate a very simple maze. We will be telling the robot exactly where to go, so there is no need to worry about how it will detect the course.

Layout of the maze we will be traversing

The Plan

The first step in programing a robot to follow a path is to plan the path the robot will take to navigate the maze. Since this maze has just one path, the planning has already been done. The path the robot will take is out lined below.

simple maze drawing

However to follow this path we will need to find out how long it takes for the robot to turn 90° to the left and right at speed 15, and how long it takes the robot to travel 1 in. at speed 15. Getting the time to travel 1 in. is the simplest so we will start with that, then move on to finding the time to make the turns.

Distance Traveled vs Time

Since we are looking for the seconds per inch, we are just looking for the inverse of inches per second. In either case, to find the relationship you need to know the distance traveled and the time of travel for at least one sample run. Since we already know that we can control the time that the robot will run for, it is a simple matter to program it to drive for 5 seconds and measure the distance traveled. You can either write your own program to drive straight forward (at 15 power for 5 seconds) or you can use the code below:

#pragma config(CircuitBoardType, typeCktBoardUNO) #pragma config(PluginCircuitBoard, typeShieldParallaxBoeBot) #pragma config(UART_Usage, UART0, uartSystemCommPort, baudRate200000, IOPins, dgtl1, dgtl0) #pragma config(Motor, servo_10, leftServo, tmotorServoContinuousRotation, openLoop, IOPins, dgtl10, None) #pragma config(Motor, servo_11, rightServo, tmotorServoContinuousRotation, openLoop, reversed, IOPins, dgtl11, None) //*!!Code automatically generated by 'ROBOTC' configuration wizard  !!*//   task main() { wait1Msec(1000); //pause code execution for 1000ms (1 second)   motor[leftServo] = 15; motor[rightServo] = 15; wait1Msec(5000); motor[leftServo] = 0; motor[rightServo] = 0; }

Download the program to the robot and set it up so that the point where the wheel touches the driving surface is next to a yard/meter stick. Turn the robot on, wait for the it to complete its movements, and record the distance traveled. We recommend that you do this two more times to get an average value.

setup to measure the distance traveled

If you take the average distance traveled and divide by the time (5 seconds) and you will get the distance per second. This can be useful if you know how long your have been traveling, however we want to find how long we need to travel to go some distance. To find this relationship, we take the time (5 seconds) and divide it by the number of inches traveled.

Now that we have this ratio, we can take some distance, say 9 inches, and calculate the time needed to travel that distance by multiplying the desired distance by the ratio.

Adjusting Turning Time

While the process of calculating the time for driving straight for some distance is fairly simple, the physics involved with turning make it a little more complicated. Since we only need to make 90° turns, we will just create a program to make a left point turn and adjust he timing until the turn is sufficiently close to 90°. then we just repeat the process for a right point turn. From our testing, the following code should get you close to an 90° point turn to the left.

#pragma config(CircuitBoardType, typeCktBoardUNO) #pragma config(PluginCircuitBoard, typeShieldParallaxBoeBot) #pragma config(UART_Usage, UART0, uartSystemCommPort, baudRate200000, IOPins, dgtl1, dgtl0) #pragma config(Motor, servo_10, leftServo, tmotorServoContinuousRotation, openLoop, IOPins, dgtl10, None) #pragma config(Motor, servo_11, rightServo, tmotorServoContinuousRotation, openLoop, reversed, IOPins, dgtl11, None) //*!!Code automatically generated by 'ROBOTC' configuration wizard  !!*//   task main() { wait1Msec(1000); //pause code execution for 1000ms (1 second)   motor[leftServo] = -15; motor[rightServo] = 15; wait1Msec(500); motor[leftServo] = 0; motor[rightServo] = 0; }

Programming

Now that we have the turning times and an idea for the forward times, we can start to make the program to navigate the maze.

Defining the Functions

Since navigating the maze uses just 4 simple behaviors, we are going to use functions to make the programming easier.

Driving Forward

One of the behaviors is to drive forward at speed 15 for some amount of time. So let's define a function that will set both motors to speed 15 and pause code execution for a passed time parameter. It is possible to make the function receive the desired distance and calculate the time based on the time/distance ratio calculated earlier, but by using time, fine tuning is much easier.

// drive forward at speed 15 for the passed time in milliseconds void DriveForward(int time) { motor[leftServo] = 15; motor[rightServo] = 15; wait1Msec(time); }

Turning Left

Now that we can go straight, we will eventually need to turn. Conveniently, every turn is a 90° point turn to the right or left. Let's start with the left turn. Take the time you got for your left turn and place it in the wait1Msec() command.

//make a 90 degree pivot turn to the left at speed 15 void TurnLeft() { motor[leftServo] = -15; motor[rightServo] = 15; wait1Msec(470); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot }

Turning Right

We will also need to turn right so let's make a right turn function and replace the turning time with the time that you calculated.

//make a 90 degree pivot turn to the right at speed 15 void TurnRight() { motor[leftServo] = 15; motor[rightServo] = -15; wait1Msec(460); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot }

Stopping

Of course, once you get to the goal, you will need to stop, but you might also want to stop after each move. For this reason we are going to make a "Stop" function.

//stop driving void Stop() { motor[leftServo] = 0; motor[rightServo] = 0; }

Putting the Behaviors together

#pragma config(CircuitBoardType, typeCktBoardUNO) #pragma config(PluginCircuitBoard, typeShieldParallaxBoeBot) #pragma config(UART_Usage, UART0, uartSystemCommPort, baudRate200000, IOPins, dgtl1, dgtl0) #pragma config(Motor, servo_10, leftServo, tmotorServoContinuousRotation, openLoop, IOPins, dgtl10, None) #pragma config(Motor, servo_11, rightServo, tmotorServoContinuousRotation, openLoop, reversed, IOPins, dgtl11, None) //*!!Code automatically generated by 'ROBOTC' configuration wizard  !!*//   // drive forward at speed 15 for the passed time in milliseconds void DriveForward(int time) { motor[leftServo] = 15; motor[rightServo] = 15; wait1Msec(time); }   //make a 90 degree pivot turn to the right at speed 15 void TurnRight() { motor[leftServo] = 15; motor[rightServo] = -15; wait1Msec(460); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot }   //make a 90 degree pivot turn to the left at speed 15 void TurnLeft() { motor[leftServo] = -15; motor[rightServo] = 15; wait1Msec(470); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot }   //stop driving void Stop() { motor[leftServo] = 0; motor[rightServo] = 0; }   task main() { //wait 1 seconds before starting. wait1Msec(1000);   DriveForward(2207); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot TurnLeft(); DriveForward(3862); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot TurnRight(); DriveForward(2207); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot TurnRight(); DriveForward(2207); //you will probably need to adjust time for your robot Stop(); }